What are Bonds?
Have you ever borrowed money? Of course
you have! Whether it was hitting our parents up for a few
bucks to buy candy or asking the bank for a mortgage, most
of us have borrowed money at some point in our life.
Just like people need money, so do companies and governments.
A company needs funds to expand into new markets while governments
need money for everything from infrastructure to social programs.
The problem large organizations run into is that they typically
need far more money than the average bank can provide. The
solution is to raise money by issuing bonds or other debt
instruments to a public market . Thousands of investors then
each lend a portion of the capital needed. Really, a bond
is nothing more than a loan of which you are the lender. The
organization that sells a bond is known as the issuer. You
can think of it as an IOU given by a borrower (the issuer)
to a lender (the investor).
Of course, nobody would loan their hard-earned money for nothing.
The issuer of a bond must pay the investor something extra
for the privilege of using his or her money. This "extra"
comes in the form of interest payments, which are made at
a predetermined rate and schedule. The interest rate is often
referred to as the coupon . The date on which the issuer has
to repay the amount borrowed, known as face value, is called
the maturity date. Bonds are known as fixed-income securities
because you know the exact amount of cash you'll get back,
provided you hold the security until maturity.
Say for example you buy a bond with a face value of $1000,
a coupon of 8%, and a maturity of ten years. This means you'll
receive a total of $80 ($1000 x 8%) of interest per year for
the next 10 years. Actually, because most bonds pay interest
semi-annually, you'll receive two payments of $40 a year for
ten years. When the bond matures after a decade you'll get
your $1000 back.
Debt Versus Equity
Bonds are debt whereas stocks are equity . This is the important
distinction between the two securities. By purchasing equity
(stock) an investor becomes an owner in a corporation. Ownership
comes with voting rights and the right to share in any future
profits. By purchasing debt (bonds) an investor becomes a
creditor to the corporation (or government). The primary advantage
of being a creditor is a higher claim on assets than that
of shareholders. That is, in the case of bankruptcy a bondholder
will get paid before a shareholder does. The bondholder, however,
does not share in the profits if a company does well--he or
she is entitled only to the principal plus interest.
To sum it up, there is generally less risk in owning bonds
compared to owning stocks, but this comes at the cost of a
lower return.
Why Bother With Bonds?
It's an investing axiom that stocks return more than bonds.
In the past this has generally been true for time periods
of at least ten years or more. This, however, doesn't mean
that you shouldn't invest in bonds. Bonds are appropriate
any time you cannot tolerate the short-term volatility of
the stock market. Take two situations where this may be true:
1) Retirement - The easiest example to think of is an individual
living off a fixed income. This person simply cannot afford
to lose his/her principal as income from it is required to
pay the bills.
2) Shorter time horizons - Say a young executive is planning
to go back for an MBA in three years. It's true that the stock
market provides the opportunity for higher growth, which is
why his/her retirement fund is mostly in stocks, but the executive
cannot afford to take the chance of losing the money going
towards his/her education. Because money is needed for a specific
purpose in the relatively near future, fixed-income securities
are likely the best investment.
These two examples are clear cut, and they don't represent
all investors. Most personal financial advisors advocate maintaining
a diversified portfolio and changing the weightings of asset
classes throughout your life. For example, in your 20s and
30s a majority of wealth should be in equities. In your 40s
and 50s the percentages shift out of stocks into bonds until
retirement, when a majority should be in the form of fixed
income.
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